指环王》(魔戒) 维基百科《魔戒》(The Lord of the Rings,又译《指环王》)是英国作家约翰·罗纳德·瑞尔·托尔金的史诗奇幻小说,也是现代龙与地下城类型(Dungeons & Dragons)魔幻小说的开山鼻祖。
《魔戒》最初在西元1954年至1955年之间出版,是托尔金早期作品《霍比特人》(The Hobbit)的续作,在内容的深度和广度上都得到了扩展
篇章
托尔金原来打算出一本大块头,但是因为在战后纸张短缺,所以他的想法没能付诸实现。最后小说只能分成三册出版:《魔戒首部曲 - 魔戒再现》(篇I和篇II)、《魔戒二部曲 - 双塔奇兵》(篇III和篇IV)和《魔戒三部曲 - 王者归来》(篇V和篇VI,6个附录,4个索引)
因为这三本小说是如此广泛地分布,所以此作品通常被称为魔戒三部曲。但是严格来说这是不对的,因为其构思是就是一部完整的作品。
英国出版的7册套装跟随托尔金的六篇间隔篇排,但第六篇末尾的附录被独立成为一册。现在所看到的三部曲每册的名字是在他去世后才决定的,结合了托尔金生前的构思、每篇的标题和整部作品。
主要情节
主要人物
佛拉多·巴金斯 (Frodo Baggins)——霍比特人
刚多尔夫 (Gandalf,又译甘道夫)—— 一开始出场时是灰袍巫师,在与炎魔打斗后便成为了白袍巫师
阿拉贡 (Aragorn)——刚铎国王家系嫡系传人
莱格拉斯 (Legolas Greenleaf)——黑森林的精灵王子
阿尔温 (Arwen)——林谷(Rivendell)的精灵公主,后来嫁给阿拉贡
萨茹曼 (Saruman)——白袍巫师,巫师们“圣白议会”的会长
凯兰崔尔 (Galadriel)——洛丝萝林(Lothlorien)的精灵女王
波罗莫 (Boromir)——人类。刚铎摄政王长子
法拉墨 (Faramir)——人类。刚铎摄政王次子
德内瑟 (Denethor)——人类。刚铎摄政王
埃尔隆德 (Elrond)——林谷的精灵王
比尔博·巴金斯 (Bilbo Baggins)——霍比特人。曾是魔戒持有者。诗人,作家
索伦 (Sauron)——黑暗之王,Mordor(莫都)的君主
树胡子 (Treebeard,又译树须)——范冈森林里的恩特(或称树人)(Ent)首领,率树人群攻下了萨茹曼的艾辛格
出版情况
英文原版的魔戒自1954年以来出版了很多不同的版本,并被译为多种文字。
魔戒中的语言
精灵语(Elvish)
昆雅语(Quenya)
辛达林语(Sindarin)
人类
西方通用语(Westron)
哈比人
树灵语(Entish)
黑暗语(The Black Speech)
半兽人语(Orkish)
电影
2001年起陆续上映的由彼得·杰克逊执导的电影三部曲,包括:
《魔戒首部曲 - 魔戒现身》(2001年12月美国上映)
《魔戒二部曲 - 双塔奇谋》(2002年12月美国上映)
《指环王 - 王者再临》(2003年12月美国上映)-荣获第76届(2004年颁发)奥斯卡最佳影片奖及奥斯卡最佳导演奖
魔戒中的精灵语
托尔金的精灵语
《魔戒》作者托尔金曾为其笔下的中土世界发明庞大复杂,且体系完整的语言;实际上,身为语言学家的托尔金,当初乃是出自于其对语言的喜好,才著手发明这些语言,而其中最有名的,便是在他各种相关作品中,大量出现的精灵语
早期发明的精灵语
早期昆雅(Qenya):维林诺上凡雅精灵的语言
早期诺多林语(Goldorin):中土大陆上,诺多精灵的语言
依尔克林语(Ilkorin):中土大陆上,灰精灵的语言
然则,依尔克林语的发明时间与前两者并不相同。
后期中土世界的精灵语发展体系
古精灵语(Primitive Quendian):“库维因恩”湖畔,第一批首生精灵的语言。
雅维瑞语(Avarin)
众多雅维瑞语的分支:其中部分在后来与南多林语融合
艾尔达通用语(Common Eldarin)
昆雅(Quenya):诺多精灵与凡雅精灵的语言,后来在中土大陆上被禁止使用
万雅林语(Quendya):维林诺岛上的日常通用语
流亡的诺多精灵语(裲ldorin Quenya、Exilic Quenya):在中土大陆上又称精灵拉丁语
帖勒瑞林通用语(Common Telerin):所有帖勒瑞精灵语言的始祖
帖勒瑞林语(Telerin):到达维林诺的帖勒瑞精灵所使用的语言
南多林语(Nandorin),南多精灵的语言,部分受雅维瑞语的影响
幽暗密林的西尔凡精灵语
罗斯洛利安的西尔凡精灵语
古辛达林(Old Sindarin)
辛达林(Sindarin):灰精灵的语言
多瑞亚林语(Doriathrin):辛达林中的多瑞亚斯方言
法拉斯瑞姆方言(Falathrin):辛达林中的法拉斯瑞姆方言
北辛达语方言(North Sindarin):位于中土大陆北方多索尼亚和希斯隆地方的方言
精灵语对其他语言的影响
在托尔金的构想中,这些精灵语在流行于整个中土世界的同时,也具体影响了中土大陆上其他种族的语言,如:
对人类语言的影响
阿登奈克语的bêth“表情,言语,词汇”,之于辛达林的peth“话语”
洛汗语的loho-、lo-“马”,之于昆雅的rocco和辛达林的roch“马”
西方通用语的balc“恐怖的”,之于辛达林的balch“残酷的”
对矮人语言的影响
矮人语的kibil“银”,之于辛达林的celeb“银”
对半兽人语言的影响
半兽人语的Golug“诺多精灵”,之于辛达林的Golodh“诺多精灵”
黑暗语的Uruk“半兽人”,之于昆雅的urco、orko“半兽人”,及辛达林的orch“半兽人”
其他语言对精灵语的影响
相对地,中土世界的其他语言,对精灵语也有所影响:
来自主神语
主神语的akaš鈔“祂说”,之于昆雅的axan“法律、规则、戒律”
来自矮人语
矮人语的kheled“玻璃”,之于辛达林的heledh“玻璃”
精灵文
托尔金为精灵语发明的精灵文有三种:
沙拉堤文字(Sarati):诺多精灵卢米尔(Rúmil)首先为精灵语发明的文字
谈格瓦文字(Tengwar):诺多精灵费诺(Feanor)承卢米尔,为昆雅发明的文字
色斯文(Cirth):中土大陆上辛达精灵戴隆(Daeron)为辛达林发明的文字,后为矮人族广泛使用
《龙与地下城》的黑暗精灵语
黑暗精灵语(Ssamath)
又称卓尔精灵语,为奇幻文学《龙与地下城》中,黑暗精灵使用的语言。
通用精灵语
《龙与地下城》中,地表的精灵族所使用的语言。
其他作品的精灵语
灰衣队伍(Grey Company)的精灵语
灰衣队伍(Grey Company)为其在线角色扮演游戏使用,所发明的精灵语。此者常与托尔金发明的精灵语混淆,部分原因是因为大部分它的单字取自于托尔金发明的昆雅和辛达林,然则在文法与单字使用上,均有相当大的差别,故又为托尔金语言使用者戏称为 Grelvish。
艾尔萨林语,电脑游戏《战锤》里精灵族的语言
Fan-Eltharin,木林精灵的语言
Tar-Eltharin,高等精灵和海精灵的语言
波兰籍奇幻小说作家 Andrzej Sapkowski 根据英文和威尔斯语,为 Hexer saga 发明的精灵语
(部分参考自英语 Wikipedia 的 Elvish languages
昆雅语
昆雅语(Quenya‎)是托尔金发明的精灵说的语言(精灵语),在The Lord of the Rings(魔戒)中有大量的运用。托尔金在昆雅语的设计中主要受芬兰语的影响,仿照芬兰语黏着语语言类型的特性,每个名词和动词均具有极多的属格以及词缀,具有高度精确性;甚至有些单字可以用一个字来表达极为复杂的概念。昆雅语在发音上也参照芬兰语的形式。单字绝大部分的情况下以元音结尾,也没有连续的子音。
辛达林
辛达林(Sindarin)是托尔金(J.R.R.Tolkien)发明的精灵(elves)说的语言(精灵语),在The Lord of the Rings(魔戒)及托尔金的其他相关著作中有大量的运用。
内部历史
辛达林 —— 灰精灵的语言
辛达林源自于帖勒瑞通用语,是流通于第三纪中土大陆的精灵语言,为当初随著维拉西迁时,被留在东贝尔兰,以精灵王庭葛为首的帖勒瑞精灵的语言,由于这群精灵又被称为灰精灵或辛达精灵(昆雅: Sindar),辛达林也因故而得名;相对于在西方维林诺通用的昆雅,如同托尔金所说,辛达林感染了凡间的变化,随时有如树生长一般悄悄地改变
第一纪元
日后第一纪元开始,当诺多精灵回到中土大陆时,辛达林和诺多精灵使用的昆雅已相差甚远。但天生的语言学家诺多精灵很快便掌握了辛达林的规则,并将昆雅的一些用语习惯带进了辛达林,另一方面,灰精灵的专长不在语言,他们学习昆雅却比较慢, 因此精灵之间的交谈, 除了诺多精灵自己之间的谈话以外, 便多是以辛达林为主;接著之后庭葛得知诺多精灵的弑亲事件, 发表了一项影响整个中土世界语言使用的法令:‘从今以后, 我的耳中绝不愿意听到那在澳阔隆迪(Alqualond
半兽人
Orc/Ork(半兽人)此字是由拉丁文Orcus,一位神祇的称号“阴间之王”(Pluto)转变而来;Pluto在之后被直接用以称呼阴间。后来,在德文中此字以去掉原本拉丁文字尾的形态出现,成为较接近Orc的字型。
Orc曾经在托尔金(J. R. R. Tolkien)所创造的架空世界“中土世界 (Middle-Earth)”中发生的故事 - 魔戒里头被使用,用来称呼某常被邪恶势力支配,用以组成士兵的种族。
中文的半兽人(Orc/Ork)有时也被称为兽人,这是由于他们的外型会让人联想到野兽、野蛮的性格。
“半兽人”(Orc)这个名字的起源
In Beowulf, ll: 112, the undead Grendel's race is described as Orc-néas, which seems to mean "corpses of Orcus." Orcus, in Roman mythology, was an alternative name for Pluto, Hades, or Dis Pater, god of the land of the dead. The name "Orcus" seems to have been given to his evil and punishing side, as the god who tormented evildoers in the afterlife. Like the name Hades (or the Norse Hel, for that matter), "Orcus" could also mean the land of the dead. Tolkien derived his 'Orcs' from a passage in Beowulf. (See "Tolkien's Orcs" below.) Grendel and his kin were described as being half man and half monster, hunting by night, and having an underwater lair (and therefore being amphibious by nature).
Notably, the word "orc" had long existed in English as the name of a type of sea monster. This derives ultimately from Pliny the Elder's description of the orca, modulated through the long tradition of Medieval Bestiaries. In his Natural History, Pliny described a creature that was "so monstrous and aggressive a whale, that no words are adequate to describe it, except as a huge mass of flesh armed with menacing teeth." Historia Naturalis 9.v.12
According to one medieval source, Charlemagne encountered and destroyed an orc that attacked his ship in the Mediterranean. In Orlando Furioso, an epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto, the name of "orc" was given to a sea monster that captured the damsel Angelica, and was fought by the hero Rogero riding a hippogriff. This orc was huge, scaly, tusked, pig-nosed, and bristled.
A land-dwelling orc also appears in Orlando Furioso, XVII: 29. This "land orc" is a blind giant with a long nose and tusks jutting out like a savage swine. The land orc is a cannibal who holds king Norandino and his men captive in a cave. The story is reminiscent of the tale of Polyphemus. It should be noted that, in Italian, "orca" means a killer whale while "orco" means an ogre, a humanoid creature.
From this usage, the word "orc" was popularized in English through Michael Drayton's Polyolbion, an epic poem about Brutus the Trojan, the mythical founder of Britain. It later appears in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost.
Blake笔下的半兽人
See main article Orc (William Blake)
Orc (a proper name) is also one of the characters in the complex mythology of William Blake. Unlike the medieval sea beast, or Tolkien's humanoid monster, his Orc is a positive figure, the embodiment of creative passion and energy, Orc being an anagram of Cor, heart.
托尔金笔下的半兽人
The humanoid, non-maritime race of Orcs are Tolkien's invention. The term "Orc" is usually capitalised in Tolkien's writing, but not necessarily in other sources. In Tolkien's writing, Orcs are described as humanoid, but smaller than Men, ugly, and filthy. Although not dim-witted, they are portrayed as dull and miserable beings, who are only able to destroy, not to create. Tolkien also describes them as bow-legged and very clumsy. They do not move well in combat but fight with ferocity. In some works of Tolkien, Orcs are mainly described as battle fodder, as seen in The Battles of the Fords of Isen. Orcs are used as soldiers by both the greater and lesser villains of The Lord of the Rings — Sauron and Saruman.
In The Hobbit, Tolkien used the word "goblin" for Orcs, because he had not yet identified the world of The Hobbit with Middle-earth (which he first created several decades before The Hobbit, in early writings which later became The Silmarillion). Though Tolkien uses the term orcs in The Hobbit as Gandalf describes the Grey Mountains as being “simply stiff with goblins, hobgoblins, and orcs of the worst description”. Fortunately, Tolkien included some references to his mythology in The Hobbit, which later let him identify the lands of The Hobbit with his Middle-earth. In The Lord of the Rings, "Orc" is used predominantly, and "goblin" mostly in the Hobbits' speech.
Before Tolkien wrote The Hobbit, he seems to have decided that Middle-earth history ended at the end of the Second Age, and that the fall of Númenor changed the world into the prehistoric real world.
'...the word is as far as I am concerned actually derived from Old English orc "demon", but only because of its phonetic suitability...' The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien No 144, dated 1953
It is also rumoured that Tolkien labelled them in an attack against his least favourite team- the Oxford Rugby Club.
For more information on Tolkien's Orcs see: Orc (Middle-earth).
半兽人在其它奇幻文学的作品
当托尔金所写的魔戒出版之后,半兽人成了奇幻文学和角色扮演游戏中必然会出现的种族。在这些小说以及游戏当下,半兽人和高扁常常被想像成是distinct races of goblinoids.他们常常会被描述成有著猪鼻子外表的生物,即使在托尔金的作品里并没有这样子的描述。而这可能是因为在爱尔兰,Orc这个字有著“猪”的意思的关系。
An alternative theory is that they were often depicted as pig-like due to the "pig-nosed" descriptions of both the water and land based "orcs" in Orlando Furioso, an epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto (see "Sources of the name Orc" above). |